The Short Version
This claim is false. Exercise Pegasus simulated a fictional novel enterovirus (a virus), while the UK meningitis B outbreak is caused by Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B (a bacterium) — two biologically unrelated pathogens. The MenB strain had been circulating in the UK for roughly five years before the exercise even took place. Full Fact and UK government officials have explicitly dismissed the alleged connection as a conspiracy theory with "simply no evidence." The only source supporting the claim is a low-authority conspiracy blog.