The Short Version
The claim accurately captures the direction of Danziger's critique but oversimplifies his philosophical argument. In *Naming the Mind*, Danziger does criticize the definition "intelligence is what intelligence tests measure" as lacking independent external grounding. However, his precise argument is that this operational definition establishes a "reference" (denotation) without establishing "sense" (meaning) — a nuanced semantic critique, not a straightforward charge of logical circularity. The core substance is sound; the framing is imprecise.